Crime and Deviance With Theorys

Neo-Marxism

Its an expansion and criticism of marxism

Frankenfurt school - marx is too eco deterministisc

- Adorno - no explanation of motives

- Marcuse - ignores the part the media plays as it controls and sends out ideas as well as distracting the population

- opression of personality - marx was wrong in saying capitalism controls personalities as people need a work ethic to create it.

Harvey - he believes post-modernity is a result of economic change

- national government is less powerful

- real politics has been replacces by image politics

- social class is no longer the dominant form of division

Gramsci - ownership of means of production doesn’t guarantee power as they also need support so they also need to make consessions.

Marxism

They believe the economy is at the centre of society and society in two parts - the economic base which is what the superstructure is based around which is the institutions to keep the economy working

Marxist model - The ruling class own the means of production

Conflict causes change as society is advancing however the values are not so there is conflict and once the conflict reachs a peak it leads to a new epoch.

Capitalism is the current epoch and is ruled by the bougeoise who use institutions o justify inequalities and thus provide “false consciousness”

Criticisms - capitalism has grown stronger not weaker

              - no polarisation of wealth - middle class exists

Alienation - humans become aliens to things they have created themselves and believe they have no control over them. For example capitalism makes the workers prisoners of markets however the workers create the market themselves yet don’t feel they can change it

Engels - Family & property - all for the ruling class - monogomous family just so they could pass of private property.

Criticised for being too eco deterministic

functionalism

Durkheim

• Collective conscience - Society all have the same morals and values

• Social solidarity - People’s intergration into society due to the collective conscience
• Social facts - values and norms that are external to society and that we can not see but we can see the effecs and know they are true
• Suis Generis - Society has its own existence and is independant from people so can not change.
• Anomie - Normlessness usually after rapid change
• Mechanical Solidarity - Everyone works for the good of a group
• Organic Solidarity - work for themselves
• socialisation - the process of learning societies norms and values.
• Organic Analogy - Society is like the human body where as the body needs organs to function society needs institutions. Taking away a body part such as the heart is the same as taking away an function such as the family so therefore if the body hs no heart it cannot function and the body will die taking away the family will mean society cannot function and will also die 


Parsons

Functional Pre-Requisites

Goal attainment - political - decision making eg government

Adaptation - economic - give things to survive eg food and shelter - Economy

Inergration - Culture - learn norms and values - Family, Education etc

Latency and pattern Maintenence - Kinship - tension management to prevent drop outs in society and pattern maintainence to keep the norms and values

Structural Differentiation - Institutions replacing other institutions and taking some of its functions eg The church used to provide education but now we have the education system.

Merton

Recoginses disfunction. 

Functional unity - if some institutions are not working they can be replaced

Anomie - dysfunction between goals and Means

Anthropologists - similiar as also structuralist however take a bottom up approach unlike functionalisms top to bottom approach.

Malinowski - The Trobian Islands -

• crises of life - used religion to get through changes such as death, marriage, birth etc - also applicable to our society - helps to prevent dysfunction.
• Kula Ring - trade of kula valuables re enforces hierachy and helps to create social solidarity and promotes harmony between the different islands..

Radcliffe - Brown - use of taboos aren’t static